EBE

Chapter one

1.0 A SENTENCE

A sentence is a group of words that makes a complete sense (Mutajwaa, 2012)

A sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and predicate which has a verb that express a complete thought (Pandey, 2009).A sentence should begin with a capital letter. A group of word that either does not contain a subject and predicate and a verb does not express a complete thought is called a sentence fragment.

A Sentence-What a clever plan she had!

A Fragment-What a clever plan!

A Sentence- When the president learned the deaths of many people, he ordered the Minister responsible to resign.

A fragment- When a president learned the deaths of many people.

1.1 PARTS OF A SENTENCE

A sentence has got two parts, namely SUBJECT and PREDICATE.

A subject is a part of a sentence names who or what the sentence is about (Glenwe,2002)

E.g.

i. Many animals/live in the sea.

ii. The sky on Mars/appears red

iii. The tree bark/felt rough

A predicate is a part of a sentence that tells what a subject does or has. It can also tell what the subject is or like. E.g.

i. Our computer/broke last week

ii. The rain/started this morning

iii. Twenty students/rode in the bus

1.2KIND OF SENTENCE

A kind of Sentences refers to the use. There are five (5) kinds of sentences namely:-

i. Declarative

ii. Interrogative

iii. Imperative

iv. Request

v. Exclamatory

Interrogative - Makes a statement.

E.g.

i. We are poor.

ii. Sedro is my brother.

iii. soldiers wore uniforms.

Interrogative - Asks questions. It ends with a question mark

E.g. i. Are you sick?

ii. What are they doing?

iii. Will you take a bus or a train?

Imperative - It gives command .It begins with action verb.

E.g. i.Send me a postcard!

ii. Stop writing

iii. Be very quiet!

Request - Asks permission to do something. It contains polite language using the word MAY/PLEASE etc.

E.g. i. May I help you please!

ii. Please, show me the way to kaon!

iii. May you send me a postcard!

Exclamatory – Expresses strong feelings. It ends with exclamatory point.

i.What a great man!

ii.Ah! I am very tired.

iii.How excited we are about our trip to Zanzibar!

1.3 EXERCISE

A. Identify Sentences and Fragments

1. Millions of tiny plants

2. Many animals live in the sea

3. The poems

4. Different types of clothes

5. The ocean water is very cold

B. Identify Subject and Predicate:-

1. Several cat live at the camp.

2. Trees balk felt rough.

3. Her large suitcase has wheels.

4. Nobody from our group was there.

5. I meet interesting people, usually.

C. Identifying kind of sentences

1. Please come here!

2. How intelligent the boy is!

3. Get out!

4. Mandeep is a good girl

5. Hurrah!, we won the march.

6. Do you live in Tanga?

7. Ame is not dancing.

8. Open the door!

9. Are you coming from home?

10. May I use your cup?

2.0 PART OF SPEECH (WORD CLASS)

Are the words that used to form sentences, each has a function in a sentence. There are eight(8) parts of speech namely:-

1.Noun

Is a word used to name a person, a place, an animal, a thing or an idea.

e.g. God- idea Dodoma-place chair-thing Juliet-a person Dog –animal

2.1 KINDS OF NOUN

1. Proper noun-It names a person a place or a thing in particular. It begins with capital letter.E.g:

i. Mombo is a mountainous area

ii. Savita is a good girl

iii. Mount Kilimanjaro is found in Tanzania

2. Common Noun-names a person, a place, a thing or an animal duet o their common characteristics (class/kind)

E.g: a girl, a doctor, a village, cows

3. Collective Noun-It names people, things, animals that exist in a group.

E.g: Class-there are forty students in my class, army, family,team..

4. Abstract Noun-names something which we can neither touch nor see. We know them through feelings and beliefs. E.g: God, love, honest, truth, wisdom, cold.

2.2 EXERCISE

Pick out the nouns in the following sentences and indicate what kind of nouns they are

i. Poverty has many faces.

ii. A boy is running on the road.

iii. Anjali goes to Mtwara.

iv. Tanznia is a big country.

v. Mandeep wants to be a doctor.

vi. Beauty is a reward from God.

3.0 PRONOUN

Is the word used in the place of noun

E.g: Ana is a student

She is a student

3.1 KIND OF PRONOUN

1. Person pronoun

Are used for person, namely:-first person, second person and third person(see table)

		Subjective			Objective
	Singular		Plural	Singular		Plural
1^stperson	I		We	Me		Us
2^ndperson	You		You	You		You
3^rdperson	She, he ,it		they	Her, him, it		Them

POSSESSIVE-Shows ownership

		Subjective			Objective
	Singular		Plural	Singular		Plural
1^stperson	My		Our	Mine		Ours
2^ndperson	Your		Your	Yours		Yours
3^rdperson	Hers ,his, its		their	Hers, his, its		Theirs

REFLEXIVE and EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS

Are formed by adding “self” in singular “selves” in plural pronouns. Emphatic pronoun comes just after the subject while reflexive come after the subject.

E.g.:

i. She herself went there –emphatic.

ii. She hurt herself-reflexive.

iii. I did this work myself-reflexive.

iv. I myself did this work-emphatic.

Interrogative Pronouns - Are used to ask Wh…questions. E.g.

i. Which is your book?

ii. Where are they going?

iii. Who teaches you English?

iv. What are you doing?

Relative Pronoun -Tells more about the noun. E.g.

i. I know the boy who broke the chair.

ii. She has lost the pen which she bought yesterday.

iii. This is the man whom all praise.

iv. The lady whose bag was stolen is my sister.

Demonstrative Noun -They are used to point out the objects.E.g

i. This my book.

ii. Those are lovely flowers.

iii. That is a sick man.

iv. These are intelligent students.

v. Those are college boys.

Distributive Pronoun - Refers to person or things considered individually not collectively at a time. E.g.

i. None of them can do it.

ii. Neither of the two boys came.

3.2 EXERCISE

Identify the pronouns and the kind of pronouns found in the following sentences

1. Which is your book?

2. They themselves do their work.

3. The army killed its commander.

4. I know the boy who stood first in the class.

5. This is the juggler who we saw yesterday.

4.0 ADJECTIVE

Is the word or group of words which tells more about the noun or pronoun.

E.g:

1. A tall man.

2. She has many friends.

KINDS

Adjective of Quality/Quantity/Number

E.g.:

i. She is a beautiful girl.

ii. We have expensive car.

iii. Dar _Es_Salaam is a big city.

iv. I bought twenty pencils.

v. We had much rain last year.

4.1 DEMOSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES

This book is mine.

That man is sick.

These students are intelligent.

I love such girls.

N.B, See the difference between Demonstrative Adjective and Demonstrative Pronouns

i. This is her book- Demonstrative pronoun.

ii. This book is hers- Demonstrative Adjective.

iii. Those students are intelligent- Demonstrative Adjective.

iv. Those are intelligent students- Demonstrative pronoun.

4.2 EXERCISE

A. Identify the adjective in the following sentences

1. Anjali is intelligent girl.

2. He is junior to me in service.

3. This book contain lovely stories.

4. She is not as wise as her sister.

5. He is cleverer than his brother.

B.Form Adjectives from the following words

1. Sick

2. Talk

3. Courage

4. Trouble

5. Hope

5.0 VERB

A verb is a word used to say what people, animals or any other thing do (action) or express the state of being (stative)

E.g. He has gone for school-Action.

He is sick-Stative.

FORMS (TENSES) OF THE VERB

5.1 SIMPLE PRESENT

Form: S+V(s) +O

E.g.: Gita sings a song

We play music

They love mother

Uses

1. To describe repeated actions (habitual)

E.g.:

i. She walks slowly.

ii. It barks fiercely.

iii. I read a book every day.

iv. You love her.

v. Ms Betty teaches us English.

2. To describe general truth (specific issues)

E.g.:

i. The sun rises in the East.

ii. Sugar meets in water.

iii. Women give birth to their babies.

iv. Then Earth rotates round the sun.

v. Magnets attracts Iron.

3. To give directives

E.g.:

How to reach TPSC_Magogoni Center

Board the Kivukoni bus, drop at the Ardhi bus stop; Walk p to the junction, turn right, cross the road, walk straight turn right-you will see TPSCbuilding Magogoni center.

4. To write the headlines in the magazines and newspaper

E.g.: UD Students Strike

JK Goes to India

5. To broadcast the sports

E.g.: Ronaldo kiks the balls he passes to Diego…………Mbia throws the ball to the goal keeper,…he catches it…..

Simba boxes Mwenezi....Mwenezi falls down…..

5.2 SIMPLE PAST

Form: S+V_ed₁+O

1. We wrote a letter to our father.

2. She cooked some food.

3. They crossed the road quickly.

4. We saw a snake.

5. He drove to Tanga last week.

Uses

1. To describe single event in the past(report)

E.g.:

i. I posted a letter to her

ii. They opened the gate this morning

iii. We travelled by bus to Mwanza

iv. The student did their exam successfully

2. To describe two events, one was in the process when the other happened

S + V_adj + S was/where + V_ing + O

E.g.:

He got an accident when he was crossing the road.

We entered her room when she was watching TV.

3. To describe two events, one had completed when the other happened

S + V_ed₁+ O+ S + had + V_ed₂ + O

E.g.

i. She had eaten her lunch when I called her.

ii. The patient had died when the doctor came.

5.3 PRESENT CONTINIOUS

Form: S + am /is/are + V_ing +O

E.g.:

i. I am washing my clothes.

ii. We are playing Piano.

iii. They are examining the patient.

iv. She is driving a bus.

Uses

1. To describe the events (s) which are/is in process at the moment of speaking

E.g.

i. She is typing some notes.

ii. We are learning EBE now.

iii. They are eating some fruits.

iv. I am climbing a tree.

v. You are drinking some milk.

2. Todescribe temporary events.

E.g.:

My son is studying in UK.

They are working with Muhimbili Hospital.

3. To describe arranged events

-She is travelling to Tanga next week

5.4 PAST CONTINUOUS

Form: S + was/were +V_ing + O

E.g.

i. She was crossing the road.

ii. We were travelling to Mbeya.

Uses

1. To describe repeated actions in the past + always

E.g.:

i. She was always asking for money.

ii. They were always passing this way to town.

iii. I was always helping my mother.

iv. We were always making noise in the class.

2. To describe two events which were taking place at the same time in the past

Eg:

i. I was doing my home work while they were watching Tv.

ii. She was washing her clothes while her mother was cooking some food.

iii. You were singing while I was dancing.

3. To describe two events one was on process when the other happened

E.g.

i. I was cleaning my garden when I saw a snake.

ii. We were travelling to Tanga when we got an accident.

5.5 PRESENT PERFECT

Form: S + has/have + V_ed₂+ O

E.g.: He has just gone out.

We have just posted a latter to our father.

I have cut my finger.

5.6 PAST PERFECT

Form: S + had + V_ed₂+ O

I had written a letter

We had done our exercise

Uses:

To describe two events, one had completed when the other happened

E.g.: I had written a letter before he arrived

We had done our exercise when he came to see us

5.7 PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: S + has/have +been + V_ing + O

He has been sleeping for five hours

They have been playing since four o’clock

Uses:

To describe the completed events for a certain duration (use for) or from a certain point of time(use since)

E.g.: They have been building for several years

They have been building the bridge since 2010

5.8 PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Form: S + had + been + V_ing + O

E.g.: We had been writing a novel for two moths

We had been waiting for his call since 4:30

Uses: To describe events that began before a certain point in the past and continued up to that time/for that timeE.g.: I had been woare going to vist rking for two hours before it started to rain.

You had done a lot of work before you retired

5.9 SIMPLE FUTURE

FORM : s+shall/will/going to +v-infinity+o

Eg. I will take un umbrella

He shall pay the bill to day

They are going to visit us next week .

Uses: To describe the arranged future .

Eg. We are going to buy a car this month.

I will cook rice for dinner

They shall wait their father until he come.

2. To describe /prediction.

Eg look at those the clouds worlds; it is going to rain.

Brazil will won the world cup.

She will get a baby soon.

5.10 FUTURE CONTINUOUS

FORM: s+ will/shall/going to +v-ing +o

Eg I will be watching the tennis match on TV at 5pm.

The postman will be coming soon.

Uses: To the action which will be in progress at a time in future.

Eg I will be cleaning farm this week.

They will be doing their exam in two coming days.

5.11 FUTURE PERFECT

FORM: s+shall/will+have +v-ed₂ +o.

Eg I shall have written my exercise by then .

He will have left before you go to see him.

They will have worked her for five years at the end of this month.

Uses: To describe action that will be completed by a certain future time.

Eg I will have arrived before the students reach the station.

By 2015 computers will have taken over many of the jobs that people do today.

5.12 EXERCISE.

Choose the correct form of the verb form those in bracket.

1. The earth ………round the sun . (move, moves)

2. My friends………the prim minister yesterday (see,saw)

3. I ……him only one letter up to now (sent,have sent)

4. Don’t disturb me! i…………my home work (do,am doing)

5. He …………TV most ever evenings (watches,is watching).

6. Did you think you ……...me some where before? (had seen, have seen)

7. This paper……………twice weekly (appears,appearing)

8. The twon ………it is appearance completely since 980. (has changed, changed)

9. We ………english for five years.(study,have been studying)

10. I ………….home next Sunday. (go am going).

11. This book is not long, I ………….it buy lunch time (will be reading, will have read)

12. I …………to town. Later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving).

13. He …………fast when the accident happen.(drove, was driving).

14. He thanked me fore what I ………….(had done have been doing).

15. I know all about that film because I …………it twice. (saw, have seen)

Chapter two

6.0 ADVERB

Is the word that tells more about the verb, adverb an adjective

Eg she walks slowly –qualifies a verb

She is very beautiful-qualifies an adjective

They sing very nicely –qualifies adverb.

6.1 KINDS OF ADVERB’

1. ADVERB OF MANNER- Shows in which manner the action is/was performed.

Eg He drives carelessly.

They behaved horribly

It tasted deliciously

She helps us kindly.

2. ADVERB OF TIME-shows where the action is /was performed

Eg ther are in the classroom

She has gone to town

The lion lives in the bush/forest

We are travelling to mbeya

3. ADVERB OF TIME- shows when the action is

Eg we are going to leave at 2:30pm.

She was born in 1990

I will post a letter this afternoon.

You have been working for two houes

6.2 ADVANTAGE OF FREQUENCY/NUMBER:

Shows the frequency/number(time) the action is/was performed.

Eg she always dress in red suit

They hardly pass this way

We learn EBE twice per week

I usually eat ugali for lunch

He has nerver seen a lion

6.3 EXERCISE

A. Identify the adverbs in the following sentence

1. We are working in the garden now

2. They were so tired when they reached the station

3. The wild animals are kept in the cage.

4. The most intelligent student in our college is my friend.

5. The weather was very cold in the morning.

B. Form adverbs from the following words

a). bad e).sure

b).faith f).polite

c).sick g).new

d).brave

7.0 CONJUCTION:

Is the word which used to join word, a phrases, clauses or sentences together.

E.g. Greet and sister is two sisters.

I know when the train arrives

He didn’t attend the meeting because he was late

7.1 KIND OF CONJUCTIONS

Coordinators – joins together clauses of equal ranks (two independent clause)

E.g. Man walks but birds fly

Ha deep gave you both a put and a not book work or go away

List and, too, as, well, as, now, well, no, but, less, than, not only … but also, neither …nor, either…or, otherwise, or, else, then, therefore, hence etc.

Subordinate ….Joins a clause to another which is depends for its complete/full meaning.

E.g. I like her because she is kind

Please wait her until I come back

You can stay here as longer as you like

List where, whether, that, as, far as, so far as, although, though, however, since, if, unless provides, than, as….as, so…..as.

Correlative – are used in pairs.

E.g. either …or, such …..as, sooner….than not only….but also

E.g. he is either sick or hungry

Not only she works in a college but also manages her house

7.2 EXERCISE

Fill in blanks with appropriate conjunction.

1. ………….the cat is away , the nice play

2. Wait here ……………I return

3. I know the boy …………book is lost

4. He meet me ……………he did not speak anything

5. Wor k hard ………………you should fail

6. Two …………………two make four

7. He was late for shool……………… he hard overslep

8. It is raining ………………..we can no go out

9. I know …………………the teacher punished me

10. A cheetah can run faster………….a horse

8.0 PREPOSITION.

Is the word that I place before a noun or pronoun to show the relation to other words in sentences

E.g. this is a book of poem

There is a cow in the garden

He killed a lion with a gun

Preposition can be single or complex. Single preposition consist of one word only while complex is made up of two or more words

Single

Bout, above, across, with, within, per, up after against, at, through, till, unlike, along among, around, without, under, before, behind, below, by, opposite, over, on, site, towards beside between beneath, up on, unalike, during, for, off, on, over, from, since, in, like, near, past, round.

Complex. away from, according to, as to instead of, such as ,in a place of, due together with, in order with regard, to apart from, on top of, along with etc

8.1 INTEREJECTION

Is the word that suggests the mood of a speaker.

E.g. Ah! We are tired.

Hurra! They won the game.

My God! His house caught fire yesterday.

Ok! I will do this work soon.

8.2 EXERCISE

1. Identify the prepositions in the following sentences

a) It is two by my watch

b) The soldiers fought with courage

c) I read for pleasure

d) They broke into his store

e) Go and sit beside Lumba

2. Use the following prepositions of, form sentences. Besides, un place of, within together with, apart form, on top of

3. Add words which are suggested with the following interjections

Uuh! Brovo! Hah!

Oh! Alas! Hush!

Mh! what!

Gosh! Hush!

9.0 COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

9.1 COUNTABLE NOUNS

Are nouns that can be counted. Thus are found in singular and plural.

Rules for changing singular into plural are as follow

· Rule I -Add ‘s ’at the end of the word

E.g.

Singular plural singular plural

Arm arms book books

Actor actors bat bats

Ball balls boy boys

Chair chairs beggar beggars

Boat boats article articles

· Rule II –Add ‘es’ at the end of the word

E.g.

Singular plural singular plural

Ass asses peach peaches

Bus buses kiss kisses

Glass glasses brush brushes

Bush bushes box boxes

Fox foxes potato potatoes

· Rule III Dropping ’y’–add ‘I’ and then add ‘es’

Eg.

Singular plural singular plural

Army armies family families

Baby babies story stories

City cities lady ladies

Country countries library libraries

Fly flies fairy fairies

· Rule IV- Irregular nouns

Eg.

Singular plural singular plural

Tooth teeth woman women

Man men moose mice

Goose geese foot feet

Louse lice policeman policemen

· Rule V-Changing ‘f’ or ‘fe’ into ‘ve’ , -Rule VI- Adding ‘en’- ‘ren’ in singular

Eg. Eg.

Singular plural singular plural

Loaf loaves child children

Calf calves chick chicken

Thief thieves ox oxen

Wife wives

· Rule VII- The same in singular and plural

Eg.

Singular plural singular plural

Hair hair deer deer

Furniture furniture sheep sheep

Dozen dozen news news

Shoes shoes people people

Shorts shorts cattle cattle

9.2 EXERCISE

Write the following sentences into plural

1. This is a purse of a woman

2. My book is in the desk

3. She is in the bed room

4. He is the minister

5. The old woman had a little daughter

10.0 ARTICLE

Are the word used before countable noun, these are; A, AN and THE.

There are two types of articles, namely ,DEFINATE-‘The’ and INDEFINATE-‘a’ and ‘an’

a) Definite –The is used: a) before a particular person or thing. Eg the president, the chairperson, the father of the nation b) when we mention the person or things of the second or more time plural and superlative . eg I bought a car . The car is very expensive.

b) (i) Indefinate – ‘a’-is used before singular nouns with consonant sound – mentioned for the first time. Eg a woman, a boy, a hole, a hen, a uniform.

(ii) Indefinate ‘a’- is used before singular nouns with vowed sound , mentioned for the first time.

Eg. An orange, an egg, an elephant, an hour, an umbrella.

10.1 EXERCISE

1. Put a, an or the where necessary.

Eg.

a) Moon did not rise till after ten.

b) Sun rises in East

c) Where did you buy umbrella?

d) Brave soldier his arm in battle

e) Have you ever seen elephant?

2. Fill in the blanks with suitable article

a) You are ………….foot to say that!

b) I first met him…………year ago.

c) John got …………best present.

d) Honest men speak ………..truth.

e) Alawi had………….wonderful lamp.

11.0 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

There are three degree of comparison

1. Positive equal degree. ag. sweat, old

Like …as…as is used to compare equal degree.

Eg. My book is big like yours.

My book is as big as yours.

2. Comparative Gradual degree –

i) By adding –er-than to the word with two morphemes

eg. my book is bigger than yours,

Our brother is older than our sister

ii) By using more/less …..Than to the word with more than two morphemes.

Eg. she is more beautiful than Dora

My car is more expensive than this one

3.Superlative –

(i) By adding the est to the word with two morphemes.

Eg. My book is the biggest of all

My brother is the oldest in our family

(ii)By adding the most/list to the word with more than two morphemes

Eg. She is the most beautiful girl in our class

Ally is the most intelligent boy in the village

Tanzanite is the most expensive mineral in the world

11.1 EXERCISE

1. Fill in the chart with correct comparative,

i. Courageous……………………………………………………………………

ii. Polite………………………………………………………………………….

iii. Thin……………………………………………………………………………

iv. Difficult……………………………………………………………………….

v. Hot…………………………………………………………………………….

vi. Brave………………………………………………………………………….

2.Change the word in the bracket into correct form of comperative

i) She is (old) of the three sisters

ii) The pillar box is(near) to my house

iii) The public is the(good) judge

iv) Prevention is (good )than cure.

v) Who is the (great) living poet?

12.0 ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Voice is the form of verb which tells us whether the subject does something or something has been done to it.

Active-subject does something

Eg. Rama killed a tiger

I am reading a book

Passive-Something has been done to the subject

Eg. A tiger was killed by Rama

I am known to him

A book is read

12.1 RULES FOR CHANGE

1.PRONOUN

ACTIVE	PASSIVE	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
I	Me	It	It
We	Us	Who	Whom
They	Them	You	you
He	Him
She	Her

2.TENSES

	ACTIVE	PASSIVE
Simple present	S + V (s)+O Anna writes a story	O + is/are + V_ed₂+S A story is written by anna
Simple past	S + V_ed₁ +O Collumbus discovered America	O + was/were + V_ed₂+S America was discovered by Collumbus
Present Continuous	S +is/am/are+ V _ing+O The doctor is preparing medicine	O + is/am/are + being+V_ed₂+S Medicine is being prepared by the doctor
Past continuous	S +was/were+ V_ing +O The girls were painting the box	O + was/were+ being+V_ed₂+S The box was being painted by the girls
Present perfect	S + have/has +V_ed₂ +O He has cleaned the cups	O + has/have +been+ V_ed₂+S The cupshas been cleaned by him
Past perfect	S +had+ V_ed₂ +O The children had eaten all the cakes	O + had+been+ V_ed₂+S All the cakes had been eaten by the children
Simple future	S + shall/will +V_infinity +O Suda will cook the food	O + will/shall + V_ed₂+S The food will be cooked by Suda

12.2 EXERCISE

Change the following sentences into passive voice

1. The boy had broken the the glass

2. The teacher corrects my answer

3. The servants had cleaned the room

4. We have spent all the money

5. He was calling the doctor to examine you

6. You are teaching Monica

7. Gentleman dislikes bad manners

8. They deposite the money in the bank

9. The police chased the robbers

10. He acted upon my advice

Change the following sentences into active voice

1. I was given a book by Preti

2. A song is to be sung by me

3. The children were knocked down by a car

4. He was taken to the hospital by his friend

5. My books will be stolen by him

13.0 DIRECT AND INDERECT SPEECH

Direct –are the real/direct words from the mouth of a speaker WHILE indirect are the reported words.

Eg. “I am a student” He says-Direct

He says that he was a student-indirect

CHANGES

A change in punctuation

Inverted commas are omitted in reported “Honest is the best policy” he said

He said that honesty was the best policy.

Changes in Pronouns

Direct	Indirect
I	She/he
We	They
You	Him/her/she,her
Our	Their

Changes in Tenses

1. Simple present = simple past

“I am hungry” she said = she said that she was hungry

2. Present continuous = past continuous

“I am doing my work “he told me = he told me that he was doing his work

3. Present perfect = past perfect

“I have finished my wor” Abi said = Abi said that he had finished his work

4. Simple future = past future

“Raja will tell a lie” he exclaimed = he exclaimed that Raja would tell a lie

Change in adverbs

Direct Indirect

Now then

This that

Ago before

Today that day

Tomorrow the next day, the following day

Last week the week before, the previous week

NB. The past tense in direct remain the past tense in indirect.

13.1 EXERCISE

Change the following sentences into reported speech

1. “I am going now” he said

2. “we shall come tomorrow “he told us

3. “I have already read that book” he said

4. “He will finish this work tomorrow “the woman said

5. “I saw Wilfred yesterday” he said

Chapter three

14.0 WRITING SKILLS

1. COMPOST WRITING

When writing any kind of kind of essay / composition, namely narrative, descriptive reflective, imaginative and expository (while teaching, a teach should provide an example for each and ask the students to write similar)

2. LETTER WRITING

i. Friendly letter (private)

ii. Business letter

iii. Official letter

APPLICATION LETTER, Example

C/O Lumumbael Elly,

P.O.BOX 2419,

Ushirika.

26.08.2014

The principal,

Rurumba Teacher’s College,

P.O.BOX 7276

Kabale.

Dear Sir/Madam

RE: APPLICATION FOR APOST OF A TEACHER.

Kindly apply for a post of a teacher in your college

I am a young man of 30 years old. I completed my BA with education at Dar Es salaam University of Education (DUCE) in 2013.

I attached with my CV, photocopies of my birth certificate and all relevant certificates concerning my education.

I will be grateful if my application will be considered positively.

Yours faithfully

………………………………………

Elly Lumbael

FRIENDLY LETTER

Do revision on how to write a friendly letter

14.1 EXERCISE

Ask the student to write a friendly and application letter

16. 0 MEMO

Memo is one of the official communications which is used to inform, to give directive, awareness, and educate etc.the (people) subordinates in the organization. Memo is one of the top-down flows of communication which is to communicate within the organization.

Elements of MEMO;

To:

From:

Date:

Topic body

End

Signature

Full name

Title

EXAMPLE

To: All students

From: Manager of Programmers

Date: 23.08.2014

Topic: COLLE GE TUITION FEE

The end of semester examination will start on 20^thSeptember 2014;

All students should pay the fees before 10-09-2014 to allow effective registration. Failure to pay a student won’t be allowed to enter the examination room

Pay now to avoid disturbance

Yours sincerely

……………………………

Job Mwakasi

MOP

17.0 REFERENCES:

When, pc and Martin H (2004) high school English grammar and composition 5^thEd.

S.Chand and company L+D Mumbai,

Pandey A.R and Pandy , D(2009)

Advanced English Grammar ,Sahni Publication new Delhi

Mutajwaa, A.L. (2009) going Through the English Grammar , Mosh Luthera printy press Tanzania

Clencoe language arts (2002) grammer and compostion hand book mcgraw-hill new York

Cob,D ef al(2009) English for senior secondary school s (bk1-4 )unmax Macmillan ltd Acra-Ghana.

Harmer J(2009)How to teach English Pearson Education limited,England

H.RUBAKA

Friday, April 3, 2015

Chapter one

Chapter two

Chapter three