Chapter one
1.0 A SENTENCE
A sentence is a group of words that
makes a complete sense (Mutajwaa, 2012)
A
sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and predicate
which has a verb that express a complete thought (Pandey, 2009).A sentence
should begin with a capital letter. A group of word that either does not
contain a subject and predicate and a verb does not express a complete thought
is called a sentence fragment.
A
Sentence-What
a clever plan she had!
A
Fragment-What
a clever plan!
A
Sentence- When the president learned the deaths of
many people, he ordered the Minister responsible to resign.
A
fragment-
When a president learned the deaths of many people.
1.1
PARTS OF A SENTENCE
A sentence has got two parts, namely
SUBJECT and PREDICATE.
A subject is a part of a sentence names
who or what the sentence is about (Glenwe,2002)
E.g.
i.
Many animals/live in the sea.
ii.
The sky on Mars/appears red
iii.
The tree bark/felt rough
A predicate is a part of a sentence that
tells what a subject does or has. It can also tell what the subject is or like.
E.g.
i.
Our
computer/broke last week
ii.
The
rain/started this morning
iii.
Twenty
students/rode in the bus
1.2KIND OF SENTENCE
A kind of Sentences refers to the use.
There are five (5) kinds of sentences namely:-
i.
Declarative
ii.
Interrogative
iii.
Imperative
iv.
Request
v.
Exclamatory
Interrogative - Makes a
statement.
E.g.
i.
We
are poor.
ii.
Sedro
is my brother.
iii.
soldiers
wore uniforms.
Interrogative - Asks
questions. It ends with a question mark
E.g. i.
Are you sick?
ii.
What are they doing?
iii.
Will you take a bus or a train?
Imperative - It gives
command .It begins with action verb.
E.g. i.Send
me a postcard!
ii.
Stop writing
iii.
Be very quiet!
Request - Asks permission to do something. It
contains polite language using the word MAY/PLEASE etc.
E.g. i.
May I help you please!
ii.
Please, show me the way to kaon!
iii.
May you send me a postcard!
Exclamatory – Expresses strong
feelings. It ends with exclamatory point.
i.What
a great man!
ii.Ah!
I am very tired.
iii.How
excited we are about our trip to Zanzibar!
1.3
EXERCISE
A. Identify Sentences and Fragments
1.
Millions
of tiny plants
2.
Many
animals live in the sea
3.
The
poems
4.
Different
types of clothes
5.
The
ocean water is very cold
B. Identify
Subject and Predicate:-
1.
Several
cat live at the camp.
2.
Trees
balk felt rough.
3.
Her
large suitcase has wheels.
4.
Nobody
from our group was there.
5.
I
meet interesting people, usually.
C. Identifying kind of sentences
1.
Please
come here!
2.
How
intelligent the boy is!
3.
Get
out!
4.
Mandeep
is a good girl
5.
Hurrah!,
we won the march.
6.
Do
you live in Tanga?
7.
Ame
is not dancing.
8.
Open
the door!
9.
Are
you coming from home?
10. May I use your
cup?
2.0 PART
OF SPEECH (WORD CLASS)
Are
the words that used to form sentences, each has a function in a sentence. There
are eight(8) parts of speech namely:-
1.Noun
Is a word used to name a person, a place, an animal, a thing or an
idea.
e.g. God- idea Dodoma-place chair-thing Juliet-a person Dog –animal
2.1
KINDS OF NOUN
1.
Proper noun-It
names a person a place or a thing in particular. It begins with capital
letter.E.g:
i.
Mombo is a mountainous
area
ii.
Savita is a good girl
iii.
Mount
Kilimanjaro is found in
Tanzania
2.
Common Noun-names a person, a place, a thing or an animal duet o their
common characteristics (class/kind)
E.g: a girl, a doctor, a village, cows
3.
Collective Noun-It names people, things, animals that exist in a group.
E.g: Class-there are forty students in my class,
army, family,team..
4.
Abstract Noun-names something which we can neither touch nor see. We know
them through feelings and beliefs. E.g: God,
love, honest, truth, wisdom, cold.
2.2
EXERCISE
Pick out the nouns in the following
sentences and indicate what kind of nouns they are
i.
Poverty
has many faces.
ii.
A
boy is running on the road.
iii.
Anjali
goes to Mtwara.
iv.
Tanznia
is a big country.
v.
Mandeep
wants to be a doctor.
vi.
Beauty
is a reward from God.
3.0
PRONOUN
Is the word used in the place of noun
E.g: Ana is a student
She is a student
3.1
KIND OF PRONOUN
1.
Person pronoun
Are used for person, namely:-first
person, second person and third person(see table)
|
|
Subjective
|
Objective
|
||||
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
||
|
1stperson
|
I
|
We
|
Me
|
Us
|
||
|
2ndperson
|
You
|
You
|
You
|
You
|
||
|
3rdperson
|
She,
he ,it
|
they
|
Her,
him, it
|
Them
|
||
POSSESSIVE-Shows
ownership
|
|
Subjective
|
Objective
|
||||
|
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
Singular
|
Plural
|
||
|
1stperson
|
My
|
Our
|
Mine
|
Ours
|
||
|
2ndperson
|
Your
|
Your
|
Yours
|
Yours
|
||
|
3rdperson
|
Hers ,his, its
|
their
|
Hers, his, its
|
Theirs
|
||
REFLEXIVE and EMPHASIZING PRONOUNS
Are formed by adding “self” in singular “selves” in
plural pronouns. Emphatic pronoun comes just after the subject while reflexive
come after the subject.
E.g.:
i.
She
herself went there –emphatic.
ii.
She
hurt herself-reflexive.
iii.
I
did this work myself-reflexive.
iv.
I
myself did this work-emphatic.
Interrogative Pronouns - Are used to ask Wh…questions. E.g.
i.
Which is your book?
ii.
Where are they going?
iii.
Who teaches you
English?
iv.
What are you doing?
Relative Pronoun -Tells more about
the noun. E.g.
i.
I
know the boy who broke the
chair.
ii.
She
has lost the pen which she
bought yesterday.
iii.
This
is the man whom all praise.
iv.
The
lady whose bag was stolen is my sister.
Demonstrative Noun -They are used
to point out the objects.E.g
i.
This my book.
ii.
Those are lovely
flowers.
iii.
That is a sick man.
iv.
These are intelligent
students.
v.
Those are college
boys.
Distributive Pronoun - Refers to
person or things considered individually
not collectively at a time. E.g.
i.
None of them can do
it.
ii.
Neither of the two boys
came.
3.2
EXERCISE
Identify the pronouns and the kind
of pronouns found in the following
sentences
1.
Which
is your book?
2.
They
themselves do their work.
3.
The
army killed its commander.
4.
I
know the boy who stood first in the class.
5.
This
is the juggler who we saw yesterday.
4.0 ADJECTIVE
Is the word or group of words which
tells more about the noun or pronoun.
E.g:
1.
A tall man.
2.
She
has many friends.
KINDS
Adjective of Quality/Quantity/Number
E.g.:
i.
She
is a beautiful girl.
ii.
We
have expensive car.
iii.
Dar
_Es_Salaam is a big city.
iv.
I bought twenty
pencils.
v.
We
had much rain last year.
4.1
DEMOSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES
This book is mine.
That man is sick.
These students are intelligent.
I love such girls.
N.B, See the difference between Demonstrative
Adjective and Demonstrative Pronouns
i.
This
is her book- Demonstrative pronoun.
ii.
This
book is hers- Demonstrative Adjective.
iii.
Those
students are intelligent- Demonstrative Adjective.
iv.
Those
are intelligent students- Demonstrative pronoun.
4.2
EXERCISE
A. Identify the adjective in the
following sentences
1.
Anjali
is intelligent girl.
2.
He
is junior to me in service.
3.
This
book contain lovely stories.
4.
She
is not as wise as her sister.
5.
He
is cleverer than his brother.
B.Form Adjectives from the following
words
1.
Sick
2.
Talk
3.
Courage
4.
Trouble
5.
Hope
5.0
VERB
A verb is a word used to say what
people, animals or any other thing do (action) or express the state of being (stative)
E.g. He
has gone for school-Action.
He
is sick-Stative.
FORMS (TENSES) OF THE VERB
5.1
SIMPLE PRESENT
Form: S+V(s)
+O
E.g.: Gita sings
a song
We
play music
They
love mother
Uses
1. To describe repeated actions (habitual)
E.g.:
i.
She
walks slowly.
ii.
It
barks fiercely.
iii.
I
read a book every day.
iv.
You
love her.
v.
Ms
Betty teaches us English.
2. To describe general truth (specific
issues)
E.g.:
i.
The
sun rises in the East.
ii.
Sugar
meets in water.
iii.
Women
give birth to their babies.
iv.
Then
Earth rotates round the sun.
v.
Magnets
attracts Iron.
3. To give directives
E.g.:
How
to reach TPSC_Magogoni Center
Board the Kivukoni bus, drop at the
Ardhi bus stop; Walk p to the junction, turn right, cross the road, walk straight
turn right-you will see TPSCbuilding Magogoni center.
4. To write the headlines in the
magazines and newspaper
E.g.: UD Students Strike
JK Goes to India
5. To broadcast the sports
E.g.: Ronaldo kiks the balls he passes to
Diego…………Mbia throws the ball to the goal keeper,…he catches it…..
OR
Simba boxes Mwenezi....Mwenezi falls
down…..
5.2 SIMPLE PAST
Form: S+V_ed1+O
1.
We
wrote a letter to our father.
2.
She
cooked some food.
3.
They
crossed the road quickly.
4.
We
saw a snake.
5.
He
drove to Tanga last week.
Uses
1. To describe single event in the
past(report)
E.g.:
i.
I
posted a letter to her
ii.
They
opened the gate this morning
iii.
We
travelled by bus to Mwanza
iv.
The
student did their exam successfully
2. To describe two events, one was in
the process when the other happened
S + V_adj + S
was/where + V_ing + O
E.g.:
He
got an accident when he was crossing the road.
We
entered her room when she was watching TV.
3. To describe two events, one had
completed when the other happened
S
+ V_ed1+ O+ S + had + V_ed2 + O
E.g.
i.
She
had eaten her lunch when I called her.
ii.
The
patient had died when the doctor came.
5.3
PRESENT CONTINIOUS
Form: S
+ am /is/are + V_ing +O
E.g.:
i.
I
am washing my clothes.
ii.
We
are playing Piano.
iii.
They
are examining the patient.
iv.
She
is driving a bus.
Uses
1. To describe the events (s) which
are/is in process at the moment of speaking
E.g.
i.
She
is typing some notes.
ii.
We
are learning EBE now.
iii.
They
are eating some fruits.
iv.
I
am climbing a tree.
v.
You
are drinking some milk.
2. Todescribe temporary events.
E.g.:
My
son is studying in UK.
They
are working with Muhimbili Hospital.
3. To describe arranged events
-She
is travelling to Tanga next week
5.4
PAST CONTINUOUS
Form: S
+ was/were +V_ing + O
E.g.
i.
She
was crossing the road.
ii.
We
were travelling to Mbeya.
Uses
1. To describe repeated actions in the
past + always
E.g.:
i.
She
was always asking for money.
ii.
They
were always passing this way to town.
iii.
I
was always helping my mother.
iv.
We
were always making noise in the class.
2. To describe two events which were
taking place at the same time in the past
Eg:
i.
I
was doing my home work while they were watching Tv.
ii.
She
was washing her clothes while her mother was cooking some food.
iii.
You
were singing while I was dancing.
3. To describe two events one was on
process when the other happened
E.g.
i.
I
was cleaning my garden when I saw a snake.
ii.
We
were travelling to Tanga when we got an accident.
5.5
PRESENT PERFECT
Form: S
+ has/have + V_ed2 + O
E.g.: He
has just gone out.
We
have just posted a latter to our father.
I
have cut my finger.
5.6
PAST PERFECT
Form: S
+ had + V_ed2 + O
I had written a letter
We
had done our exercise
Uses:
To
describe two events, one had completed when the other happened
E.g.: I
had written a letter before he arrived
We
had done our exercise when he came to see us
5.7
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form: S
+ has/have +been + V_ing + O
He
has been sleeping for five hours
They
have been playing since four o’clock
Uses:
To
describe the completed events for a certain duration (use for) or from a
certain point of time(use since)
E.g.: They
have been building for several years
They have been building the bridge since
2010
5.8
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
Form: S
+ had + been + V_ing + O
E.g.: We
had been writing a novel for two moths
We
had been waiting for his call since 4:30
Uses: To describe events that began before a
certain point in the past and continued up to that time/for that timeE.g.: I had been woare going to vist rking
for two hours before it started to rain.
You had done a lot of work before
you retired
5.9 SIMPLE FUTURE
FORM : s+shall/will/going
to +v-infinity+o
Eg. I will take
un umbrella
He shall pay the
bill to day
They are going to visit us next week .
Uses: To describe the
arranged future .
Eg. We are going to buy a car this month.
I will cook rice
for dinner
They shall wait
their father until he come.
2.
To describe /prediction.
Eg look at those the clouds worlds; it is going to rain.
Brazil will won the world cup.
She will get a baby soon.
5.10
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
FORM: s+ will/shall/going to +v-ing +o
Eg I will be watching the tennis match
on TV at 5pm.
The postman will be coming soon.
Uses: To the action which will be in progress at a
time in future.
Eg I will be cleaning farm this week.
They will be doing their exam in two
coming days.
5.11
FUTURE PERFECT
FORM: s+shall/will+have +v-ed2
+o.
Eg I shall have written my exercise by
then .
He will have left before you go to see
him.
They will have worked her for five years
at the end of this month.
Uses: To describe
action that will be completed by a
certain future time.
Eg I will have arrived before the
students reach the station.
By 2015 computers will have taken over
many of the jobs that people do today.
5.12
EXERCISE.
Choose the correct form of the verb form
those in bracket.
1.
The earth
………round the sun . (move, moves)
2.
My
friends………the prim minister yesterday (see,saw)
3.
I
……him only one letter up to now (sent,have sent)
4.
Don’t
disturb me! i…………my home work (do,am doing)
5.
He
…………TV most ever evenings (watches,is watching).
6.
Did
you think you ……...me some where before? (had seen, have seen)
7.
This
paper……………twice weekly (appears,appearing)
8.
The
twon ………it is appearance completely since 980. (has changed, changed)
9.
We
………english for five years.(study,have been studying)
10. I ………….home next
Sunday. (go am going).
11. This book is not
long, I ………….it buy lunch time (will be reading, will have read)
12. I …………to town.
Later on. Do you want a lift? (drive, will be driving).
13. He …………fast when
the accident happen.(drove, was driving).
14. He thanked me
fore what I ………….(had done have been
doing).
15. I know all about
that film because I …………it twice. (saw, have seen)
Chapter two
6.0
ADVERB
Is the word that tells more about the verb,
adverb an adjective
Eg she walks slowly –qualifies a
verb
She is very beautiful-qualifies
an adjective
They sing very nicely –qualifies
adverb.
6.1
KINDS OF ADVERB’
1.
ADVERB
OF MANNER- Shows in which manner the action is/was performed.
Eg He drives carelessly.
They behaved
horribly
It tasted
deliciously
She helps us
kindly.
2.
ADVERB OF TIME-shows where the action is /was performed
Eg ther are in the classroom
She has gone to town
The
lion lives in the bush/forest
We are travelling to mbeya
3.
ADVERB
OF TIME- shows when the action is
Eg we are going to leave at 2:30pm.
She was born in
1990
I will post a
letter this afternoon.
You have been working
for two houes
6.2
ADVANTAGE OF FREQUENCY/NUMBER:
Shows the frequency/number(time) the
action is/was performed.
Eg she
always dress in red suit
They hardly pass
this way
We learn EBE twice
per week
I usually eat
ugali for lunch
He has nerver
seen a lion
6.3
EXERCISE
A.
Identify
the adverbs in the following sentence
1.
We are working in the garden now
2.
They
were so tired when they reached the station
3.
The
wild animals are kept in the cage.
4.
The
most intelligent student in our college is my friend.
5.
The
weather was very cold in the morning.
B.
Form
adverbs from the following words
a). bad e).sure
b).faith f).polite
c).sick g).new
d).brave
7.0
CONJUCTION:
Is the word which used to join word, a
phrases, clauses or sentences together.
E.g. Greet
and sister is two sisters.
I know when
the train arrives
He didn’t attend
the meeting because he was late
7.1 KIND OF CONJUCTIONS
Coordinators –
joins together clauses of equal ranks (two independent clause)
E.g. Man walks
but birds fly
Ha deep gave you
both a put and a not book work or go away
List and, too,
as, well, as, now, well, no, but, less, than, not only … but also, neither …nor,
either…or, otherwise, or, else, then, therefore, hence etc.
Subordinate
….Joins a clause to another which is depends for its complete/full meaning.
E.g. I like her because
she is kind
Please wait her until
I come back
You can stay
here as longer as you like
List where,
whether, that, as, far as, so far as, although, though, however, since, if,
unless provides, than, as….as, so…..as.
Correlative –
are used in pairs.
E.g. either …or,
such …..as, sooner….than not only….but also
E.g. he is either
sick or hungry
Not only she
works in a college but also manages her house
7.2 EXERCISE
Fill in blanks
with appropriate conjunction.
1.
………….the
cat is away , the nice play
2.
Wait
here ……………I return
3.
I
know the boy …………book is lost
4.
He
meet me ……………he did not speak anything
5.
Wor
k hard ………………you should fail
6.
Two
…………………two make four
7.
He
was late for shool……………… he hard overslep
8.
It
is raining ………………..we can no go out
9.
I
know …………………the teacher punished me
10.
A
cheetah can run faster………….a horse
8.0 PREPOSITION.
Is the word that
I place before a noun or pronoun to show the relation to other words in sentences
E.g. this is a
book of poem
There is a cow
in the garden
He killed a lion
with a gun
Preposition can
be single or complex. Single preposition consist of one word only while complex
is made up of two or more words
Single
Bout, above,
across, with, within, per, up after against, at, through, till, unlike, along
among, around, without, under, before, behind, below, by, opposite, over, on,
site, towards beside between beneath, up on, unalike, during, for, off, on,
over, from, since, in, like, near, past, round.
Complex. away from,
according to, as to instead of, such as ,in a place of, due together with, in
order with regard, to apart from, on top
of, along with etc
8.1 INTEREJECTION
Is the word that
suggests the mood of a speaker.
E.g. Ah! We are
tired.
Hurra! They won
the game.
My God! His
house caught fire yesterday.
Ok! I will do
this work soon.
8.2 EXERCISE
1.
Identify
the prepositions in the following sentences
a)
It
is two by my watch
b)
The
soldiers fought with courage
c)
I
read for pleasure
d)
They
broke into his store
e)
Go
and sit beside Lumba
2.
Use
the following prepositions of, form sentences. Besides, un place of, within
together with, apart form, on top of
3.
Add
words which are suggested with the following
interjections
Uuh! Brovo! Hah!
Oh! Alas! Hush!
Mh! what!
Gosh! Hush!
9.0
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
9.1
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Are nouns that can be counted. Thus are
found in singular and plural.
Rules for changing singular into plural
are as follow
·
Rule I -Add ‘s
’at the end of the word
E.g.
Singular plural singular plural
Arm arms book books
Actor actors
bat bats
Ball balls boy boys
Chair chairs
beggar beggars
Boat boats article articles
·
Rule II –Add
‘es’ at the end of the word
E.g.
Singular plural singular plural
Ass asses peach peaches
Bus buses kiss kisses
Glass glasses brush brushes
Bush bushes box boxes
Fox foxes potato potatoes
·
Rule III
Dropping ’y’–add ‘I’ and then add ‘es’
Eg.
Singular plural singular plural
Army armies family families
Baby babies story stories
City cities lady ladies
Country countries library libraries
Fly flies fairy fairies
·
Rule IV-
Irregular nouns
Eg.
Singular plural singular plural
Tooth teeth woman women
Man men moose mice
Goose geese foot feet
Louse lice policeman policemen
·
Rule V-Changing
‘f’ or ‘fe’ into ‘ve’ , -Rule
VI- Adding ‘en’- ‘ren’ in singular
Eg. Eg.
Singular plural singular plural
Loaf loaves child children
Calf calves chick chicken
Thief thieves ox oxen
Wife wives
·
Rule VII- The
same in singular and plural
Eg.
Singular plural singular plural
Hair hair deer deer
Furniture furniture sheep sheep
Dozen dozen news news
Shoes shoes people people
Shorts shorts cattle cattle
9.2
EXERCISE
Write the following sentences into
plural
1.
This
is a purse of a woman
2.
My
book is in the desk
3.
She
is in the bed room
4.
He
is the minister
5.
The
old woman had a little daughter
10.0
ARTICLE
Are the word used before countable noun,
these are; A, AN and THE.
There are two types of articles, namely ,DEFINATE-‘The’ and INDEFINATE-‘a’ and
‘an’
a)
Definite
–The is used: a) before a particular person or thing. Eg the president,
the chairperson, the father of the
nation b) when we mention the person or things of the second or more time
plural and superlative . eg I bought a car . The car is very
expensive.
b)
(i) Indefinate – ‘a’-is used before singular
nouns with consonant sound – mentioned for the first time. Eg a woman, a boy, a hole, a hen, a uniform.
(ii) Indefinate
‘a’- is used before singular nouns with vowed sound , mentioned for the first
time.
Eg. An orange,
an egg, an elephant, an hour, an umbrella.
10.1
EXERCISE
1.
Put
a, an or the where necessary.
Eg.
a)
Moon
did not rise till after ten.
b)
Sun
rises in East
c)
Where
did you buy umbrella?
d)
Brave
soldier his arm in battle
e)
Have
you ever seen elephant?
2.
Fill in the
blanks with suitable article
a)
You
are ………….foot to say that!
b)
I
first met him…………year ago.
c)
John
got …………best present.
d)
Honest
men speak ………..truth.
e)
Alawi
had………….wonderful lamp.
11.0
COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.
There
are three degree of comparison
1.
Positive
equal degree. ag. sweat, old
Like …as…as is
used to compare equal degree.
Eg.
My book is big like yours.
My book is as big as yours.
2.
Comparative
Gradual degree –
i)
By
adding –er-than to the word with two morphemes
eg.
my book is bigger than yours,
Our brother is
older than our sister
ii)
By
using more/less …..Than to the word with more than two morphemes.
Eg.
she is more beautiful than Dora
My car is more expensive than this one
3.Superlative –
(i)
By adding the est to the word with
two morphemes.
Eg. My book is the biggest of all
My
brother is the oldest in our family
(ii)By
adding the most/list to the word with more than two morphemes
Eg. She is the most beautiful girl in our
class
Ally is the most intelligent boy in
the village
Tanzanite is the most expensive
mineral in the world
11.1
EXERCISE
1.
Fill
in the chart with correct comparative,
i.
Courageous……………………………………………………………………
ii.
Polite………………………………………………………………………….
iii.
Thin……………………………………………………………………………
iv.
Difficult……………………………………………………………………….
v.
Hot…………………………………………………………………………….
vi.
Brave………………………………………………………………………….
2.Change the word in the bracket into correct form of comperative
i)
She
is (old) of the three sisters
ii)
The
pillar box is(near) to my house
iii)
The
public is the(good) judge
iv)
Prevention
is (good )than cure.
v)
Who
is the (great) living poet?
12.0
ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE
Voice is the form of verb which tells us whether the subject does something
or something has been done to it.
Active-subject does something
Eg. Rama
killed a tiger
I
am reading a book
Passive-Something has been done to the
subject
Eg. A
tiger was killed by Rama
I
am known to him
A
book is read
12.1
RULES FOR CHANGE
1.PRONOUN
|
ACTIVE
|
PASSIVE
|
ACTIVE
|
PASSIVE
|
|
I
|
Me
|
It
|
It
|
|
We
|
Us
|
Who
|
Whom
|
|
They
|
Them
|
You
|
you
|
|
He
|
Him
|
|
|
|
She
|
Her
|
|
|
2.TENSES
|
|
ACTIVE
|
PASSIVE
|
|
Simple
present
|
S
+ V (s)+O
Anna
writes a story
|
O
+ is/are + V_ed2 +S
A
story is written by anna
|
|
Simple
past
|
S
+ V_ed1 +O
Collumbus
discovered America
|
O
+ was/were + V_ed2 +S
America
was discovered by Collumbus
|
|
Present
Continuous
|
S
+is/am/are+ V _ing+O
The
doctor is preparing medicine
|
O
+ is/am/are + being+V_ed2 +S
Medicine
is being prepared by the doctor
|
|
Past
continuous
|
S
+was/were+ V_ing +O
The
girls were painting the box
|
O
+ was/were+ being+V_ed2 +S
The
box was being painted by the girls
|
|
Present
perfect
|
S
+ have/has +V_ed2 +O
He
has cleaned the cups
|
O
+ has/have +been+ V_ed2 +S
The
cupshas been cleaned by him
|
|
Past
perfect
|
S
+had+ V_ed2 +O
The
children had eaten all the cakes
|
O
+ had+been+ V_ed2 +S
All
the cakes had been eaten by the children
|
|
Simple
future
|
S
+ shall/will +V_infinity +O
Suda
will cook the food
|
O
+ will/shall + V_ed2 +S
The
food will be cooked by Suda
|
12.2
EXERCISE
Change the following sentences into
passive voice
1. The boy had broken the the glass
2.
The
teacher corrects my answer
3.
The
servants had cleaned the room
4.
We
have spent all the money
5.
He
was calling the doctor to examine you
6.
You
are teaching Monica
7.
Gentleman
dislikes bad manners
8.
They
deposite the money in the bank
9.
The
police chased the robbers
10. He acted upon my
advice
Change the following sentences into
active voice
1.
I
was given a book by Preti
2.
A
song is to be sung by me
3.
The
children were knocked down by a car
4.
He
was taken to the hospital by his friend
5.
My
books will be stolen by him
13.0
DIRECT AND INDERECT SPEECH
Direct –are the real/direct words from
the mouth of a speaker WHILE indirect are the reported words.
Eg. “I
am a student” He says-Direct
He
says that he was a student-indirect
CHANGES
A change in punctuation
Inverted commas are omitted in reported
“Honest is the best policy” he said
He said that honesty was the best
policy.
Changes in Pronouns
|
Direct
|
Indirect
|
|
I
|
She/he
|
|
We
|
They
|
|
You
|
Him/her/she,her
|
|
Our
|
Their
|
Changes in Tenses
1.
Simple
present = simple past
“I am hungry”
she said = she said that she was hungry
2.
Present
continuous = past continuous
“I am doing my
work “he told me = he told me that he was doing
his work
3.
Present
perfect = past perfect
“I have finished
my wor” Abi said = Abi said that he had
finished his work
4.
Simple
future = past future
“Raja will tell
a lie” he exclaimed = he exclaimed that Raja would tell a lie
Change in adverbs
Direct Indirect
Now then
This that
Ago before
Today that
day
Tomorrow the
next day, the following day
Last week the
week before, the previous week
NB. The past
tense in direct remain the past tense in indirect.
13.1 EXERCISE
Change the
following sentences into reported speech
1.
“I
am going now” he said
2.
“we
shall come tomorrow “he told us
3.
“I
have already read that book” he said
4.
“He
will finish this work tomorrow “the woman said
5.
“I
saw Wilfred yesterday” he said
Chapter three
14.0 WRITING SKILLS
1.
COMPOST
WRITING
When writing any
kind of kind of essay / composition, namely narrative, descriptive
reflective, imaginative and expository
(while teaching, a teach should provide an example for each and ask the
students to write similar)
2.
LETTER
WRITING
i.
Friendly
letter (private)
ii.
Business
letter
iii.
Official
letter
APPLICATION LETTER, Example
C/O Lumumbael
Elly,
P.O.BOX 2419,
Ushirika.
26.08.2014
The principal,
Rurumba Teacher’s College,
P.O.BOX 7276
Kabale.
Dear Sir/Madam
RE:
APPLICATION FOR APOST OF A TEACHER.
Kindly
apply for a post of a teacher in your college
I am a young man of 30 years old. I
completed my BA with education at Dar Es salaam University of Education (DUCE)
in 2013.
I attached with my CV, photocopies of my
birth certificate and all relevant certificates concerning my education.
I
will be grateful if my application will be considered positively.
Yours faithfully
………………………………………
Elly Lumbael
FRIENDLY
LETTER
Do revision on how to write a friendly
letter
14.1
EXERCISE
Ask the student to write a friendly and
application letter
16. 0 MEMO
Memo is one of the official
communications which is used to inform, to give directive, awareness, and
educate etc.the (people) subordinates in the organization. Memo is one of the
top-down flows of communication which is to communicate within the
organization.
Elements
of MEMO;
To:
From:
Date:
Topic body
End
Signature
Full name
Title
EXAMPLE
To:
All students
From:
Manager of Programmers
Date:
23.08.2014
Topic:
COLLE GE TUITION FEE
The end of semester examination will
start on 20th September 2014;
All students
should pay the fees before 10-09-2014 to allow effective registration. Failure
to pay a student won’t be allowed to enter the examination room
Pay now to avoid
disturbance
Yours
sincerely
……………………………
Job Mwakasi
MOP
17.0 REFERENCES:
When, pc and
Martin H (2004) high school English grammar and composition 5thEd.
S.Chand and
company L+D Mumbai,
Pandey A.R and
Pandy , D(2009)
Advanced English Grammar ,Sahni Publication new Delhi
Mutajwaa, A.L.
(2009) going Through the English Grammar , Mosh
Luthera printy press Tanzania
Clencoe language
arts (2002) grammer and
compostion hand book mcgraw-hill new York
Cob,D ef
al(2009) English for senior secondary school s (bk1-4 )unmax Macmillan ltd Acra-Ghana.
Harmer
J(2009)How to teach English Pearson Education limited,England
